Flexibility Management with Virtual Batteries of Thermostatically Controlled Loads: Real-Time Control System and Potential in Spain

Load flexibility management is a promising approach to face the problem of balancing generation and demand in electrical grids. This becoming increasingly difficult due variability renewable energies. Thermostatically-controlled loads can be aggregated managed by virtual battery, they provide cost-effective efficient alternative physical storage systems mitigate inherent energy sources. However batteries require that an accurate control system capable tracking frequency regulation signals with minimal error. A real-time allowing accurately track or power developed. The performance this controller validated for battery composed 1000 thermostatically-controlled loads. Using equipped developed controller, study focused on residential Spain performed. results quantify potential technology country different climate areas provides insight about feasibility as enablers high levels penetration